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Serving in the field of computer studies, I have the responsibility to build a bridge to link this past, present and future of computer revolution.

Then next, how the computer enriches our lives and what to expect in the near future about its never-ending evolution. This book is written for the purpose of building that bridge. My answer is: to SM ShoeMart watching movies and doing some window-shopping.

That is how I spend my leisure time, most of the time. Very simple, very normal. But I have a dream. Copernicus P. I am so very happy and thankful that thousands of Filipino students were patronizing the books I wrote.

I cannot think of other ways to share with you what I learned in the best way I can, but only through writing a book like this. I could be not your Instructor inside your classroom, but I am, in the other way around, for I write this book which primary purpose is to extend the four corners of my classroom at AMA Computer University — Quezon City campus and now at Mapua IT Center - Makati Campus to the far-reaching part of the Philippine archipelago.

I felt honored and fulfilled to received an e-mail from a student in Camiguin Islands somewhere near in Cagayan De Oro, Mindanao asking for help about her subject in programming. I am hoping that this second edition will add more to your basic knowledge in computer and provides you an insights about Information Technology IT.

Have a happy day learning IT now! What is more noticeable is that in the first edition, no pictures or images can be found. It is purely text and figures and line drawings and symbols. In this new edition, pictures and images are its main offering. To make it a practice in my book writing endeavor, I will adhere to such old wisdom of the times. This is in the case of the students. In the case of the teachers, they are using spreadsheet application software such as the Microsoft Excel to compute the grades of their students.

Let us go to the company on how they use computer to enhance their office-work productivity. The Sales Manager in the company is using the Microsoft PowerPoint for his or her sales report presentation. How about other professionals? Are they too used the computer to enhanced their productivity? Let us see if they are. Architects are using Autocad software to design buildings and houses. Combat pilots are using computer to simulate and practice landing an F14 fighter plane on the deck of an aircraft carrier.

This time, we have to go to some business establishments. Remember that an ATM is percent computer, nothing less. Airlines and shipping companies are using computer for their online reservation systems so that we can book our flight online and anywhere conveniently.

How about for the small people? Are they too enjoyed the many things a computer could offer? Yes, indeed! Imagine, all of these are made possible because we have this computer technology. What we are discussing here are but just a tip of an iceberg of what the computer can do for us to enjoy life.

There are actually hundreds of reasons why we have to study computer for our own good. I cannot remember them all. But I am sure you have already a lot of reasons of your own to add on the listed reasons above which I had previously presented. So, What Is A Computer A computer is simply an electronic device that processes data, converting it into meaningful information that becomes useful to us. Any computer, regardless of its type or category, is controlled by the software that tells it, what it has to do.

This software serves as the instructions to make the computer run. Furthermore, the new edition is a major revision that doubles the pages of the first edition. An Arabic number system that is used for calculation. But out of more human needs, abacus can no longer satisfy the new demands for highly complicated and repetitive tasks of calculations. This new demand had prompted the humans to invent more calculating tools. And to make it short, one of these, is the computer.

Figure 1. This was used by the U. Census Bureau in Bardeen, H. Brattain, and W. Shockley invented the transistor that could perform and accomplish the same function like the vacuum tube. Transistors were first used to build computers in The IC is a technology that integrates hundreds of transistors in one single tiny similar chip. This invention was considered the beginning of the fourth generation of computers. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation. It is originally designed for use in calculator that paves the way in its use in computer.

At the same year, Steve Wozniak co-founder of Apple Computer together with his colleague Bill Fernandez design and create a computer which they called Cream Soda Computer. They named it after they had drank Cragmont cream soda during the construction of the computer. This limited storage device makes it easy to transfer data, program, or any software from one computer to another.

It is originally designed to hold 70 MB of data. Their company Apple, Incorporated was established and named it after their favorite snack food. A Short History Of Calculating Machines Before computers came into existence, there were already calculating machines invented. If computers can be compared to lions and tigers, then these early machines are the dinosaurs. Like the dinosaurs, they were extinct. Their flesh and blood were long gone as well as their usefulness but their skeletons remained.

Maybe to remind us, that they exist a long, long time ago and worth remembering as part of our past, part of our history. Now let us travel back in time with our time machine? His concept and design was used and adapted by the mechanical calculator inventors in the early 20th century.

His idea embodied the five key features of our modern computer today: an input device, a place for storage, a processor, a control unit, and an output device. Charles Babbage has a colleague in his work with the analytical engine.

Her name is Augusta Ada Byron, a gifted mathematician who helped him develop the instructions for doing computations on it. His invention was used to tabulate the U. Six years later, he founded the Tabulating Machine Company.

Then five years afterwards, his company was merged with several companies and form the Computing—Tabulating Recording Company. Thomas J. Watson Sr. The Computer Age Generation Within the span of 40 years, we leap-frog through five generations of computer technology. The subsequent generations are defined here briefly. First Generation Computer : The Age of Vacuum Tube The vacuum tubes were used as the internal components for the first generation computer.

Transistors were much smaller, faster, and reliable than vacuum tubes. They consumed less electrical energy and needed no warm-up time. Even the entire circuit board of transistors can be replaced completely with one chip integrated circuit. Integrated circuits are made of silicon chip. A silicon is a semiconductor crystalline substance that can conduct electric current. This next technological development is to put more power and capabilities in one chip called microprocessor.

Microprocessor is considered as the brain of the computer. It is where almost all computations and operations of the computer circuitry are being done and coordinated. The application of microprocessor technology is not limited to computers alone. It can be used and applied for digital watches, pocket calculators, copy machines, television sets, cars, audio and video appliances. Later the term evolved to encompass computer intelligence: artificial intelligence, natural language, and expert system.

This is to permit computer users to connect their computers to other computers. Like the way that happened with the Internet today. Can the Internet be the precursor of Information Superhighway? Who can tell? The Computer Today Today, there are many types of computers which the people are using and talking about.

These mainframes are housed inside an air-conditioned room in big companies to keep them in good working condition. Even-though most of the people are not aware of their existence, most of us are really using them indirectly and benefiting from their power and capability.

Like for example when we are withdrawing money from an ATM Automatic Teller Machine or depositing money in our bank accounts.

Big and large banks are still utilizing their mainframe computer for their banking operations, though these banks are using PCs Personal Computers at the same time for their other daily transactions. Minicomputers are also like mainframes, though they are smaller and less expensive compared to mainframes.

However, they are less powerful than mainframes but more powerful than personal computers. The new breed of Personal Computes PCs which are called high-end network servers can surpass the power and capabilities of minicomputers in terms of speed, accuracy and reliability.

Most of the computers that we see and read about today are under this category. They are almost everywhere, from the comfort of our home to every office of a well-established company. The PC is also called microcomputer since it is smaller than the minicomputer in terms of its size and weight. It is also known as desktop computer, because PC always sits at the top of the desk.

They are called portable, because we can carry them from one place to another. Today, those portable computers were replaced by flat-screen and battery-powered laptop computers. They are so light and handy enough to rest in our lap while we are working with our company memo, budget estimates or simply our e-mail to be sent when we get our Internet connections in the office or at home.

In our present trend, the typical laptop is called notebook computer that weighs much less and can be carried like a book.

Not only that, the palmtop computers hand-held are the fast emerging type of portable computers now. Generally, portable computers are more expensive than their personal computer desktop counterparts. Have you seen them in the latest computer magazine today? Or to your favorite computer store? Supercomputer primarily used for scientific research that involves with the manipulation of highly complex mathematical data and equations. These data requires trillions of operations to resolve.

Physicists use supercomputers to study and analyze the results of explosions of nuclear weapons which are presently being tested.

Meteorologists use supercomputers to analyze and study the formation of tornadoes. Scientists and engineers are using supercomputers to sort through, analyze, and interpret mountains of seismic data gathered during oil-seeking explorations. There are only few hundred supercomputers presently used in the whole world today. They perform specific tasks such as controlling the temperature and humidity in a big building offices, and to monitor the heart rate of patients in the hospital.

We may wonder how this embedded computers are being put inside our stereos, video player, or phones. Do they have keyboards, mouse, monitor, and disk drives?

What they have are the capabilities of performing tasks which are similar to personal computers. These embedded computers are usually built-in to a chip integrated circuit with a special-purpose program inside it. This program inside performs the task such as temperature control and heart rate monitoring. In other words, they are a combination of hardware the IC and software the program in one microprocessor-like packaged chip.

The program inside it is technically called firmware. It is a small appointment book and is normally used for special applications, such as taking notes, displaying phone numbers and addresses and keeping track of dates or agendas.

Smart Phone is a cellular phone with advanced features such as an Internet Web surfing capability and access to e-mails, as well as a personal organizer at the same time.

Workstations that are used by the employees in the company are usually connected to the network server which served as the central main computer. But before we go on with this battle of the sexes, let us apply that to the computer. As you will learned later on, all computers regardless of their types, categories, sizes, or specific functionalities — they are basically the same.

Because all of them are made up of the same basic components or parts, such as every computer has as CPU, memory, motherboard, adapter cards, and so on. Plus, they can only run if they have the needed software that instructs them to accomplish a certain task.

Born to give-in to temptations, and so weak to resist or fight back the feeling…or whatever it is. Or probably they forgot that they are married, happily married what an excuse, this excuse, forgive me, is only mine, and mine alone. Joke, only. Did You Know That? I have also declined several offers of great personal advantage to myself.

In fact, there is no reason why mental as well as bodily labor should not be economized by the aid of machinery. Are all these difficult subjects are applicable and useful when we work in the company? How about this algebra, trigonometry and analytic geometry? Can I apply this when I work abroad? Well, I cannot answer you with a resounding yes.

Maybe because, I am not a mathematician. However, I can answer you that we can use and apply our knowledge that we learned in studying number system conversion, because it is really an applied knowledge.

Wise men said that knowledge can only becomes power when it is applied. I strongly agree. So here is now the reason : Computers and networking equipment such as routers and switches work with binary digits bits.

In other words, the base 2 number system binary number system is what the computers and data communication devices are using for its design, implementation, and operation. Bits can be either a binary 1 or binary 0 that can represent as the absence 0 or presence 1 of current which flows within a cable, wire or circuitry in the computer system. In writing the programming logic or algorithm, 1 can be interpreted as True or Yes, while 0 can be interpreted as False or No. The bits are encoded internally in the computer system and on networking media cables or wires as either electrical voltages on copper cable such as unshielded twisted pair UTP cable or a light pulses on fiber optic cable and electromagnetic waves in the wireless communication.

Now let us consider the application of these number systems to the Internet technology. We, the human beings are more comfortable working with decimal numbers, therefore, Internet Protocol IP addresses are usually written as dotted-decimal numbers separated by periods dots , each representing an octet, so that we can read them easily.

This is in IP version 4 IPv4 of the Internet Protocol which uses the bit address scheme divided into 4 octets to identify a particular network and a host on the network. Knowing and learning binary numbers and how they relate to decimal and hexadecimal numbers are critical to understanding successfully the network routing, IP addresses, subnets, and computer circuitry.

Not to mention on becoming a successful network administrator or network engineer someday. Who knows? Binary method of notation uses two numbers only, the 0 and 1. The number 1 can be interpreted as logical true, yes, or on or simply a representation of the presence of current or signal.

While 0 can be interpreted as logical false, no, off or a representation of the absence of current or signal. The 0 and 1 are called bits, the short term for binary digits. Binary is a base 2 number system while the decimal is a base 10 number system. The base 2 number system is what all computers and data communications used to communicate and process data.

Decimal Number System A decimal number can be expressed as the sum of each digit times a power of ten in expanded notation. With decimal fraction, this can be expressed also in expanded notation. However, the values at the right side of the decimal point are the negative power of ten. Examples: 1. Binary To Decimal Number Conversion Binary numbers can be converted into decimal number using an expanded notation in base 2 instead of base 10 in the case of decimal numbers.

Decimal To Binary Number Conversion Decimal numbers can be converted into binary numbers by dividing it by 2. The remainders are considered as its binary equivalent by reading it upward or the last remainder is the first to be read. You have to neglect the numbers after the decimal point in the quotient.

Divide Quotient Remainder 1. Convert the following Binary numbers to Decimal numbers 1. Convert the following Decimal numbers to Binary numbers 1. Kennedy, Jr. The computer is very powerful and useful that they make our life very convenient and comfortable. They are used in scheduling airlines flight which makes ticket reservation so easy and fast, not to mention accuracy and convenience.

They are even used to predict or forecast the weather conditions, making us well-informed about the incoming typhoon or even a tidal wave. These are all but the few benefits which we have enjoyed because of the invention of computers. Imagine, living without computers, how lousy life could be. But, what the computer can really do?

Why can they accomplish such incredible tasks? The truth is, computers can do only four simple tasks: receive an input, process information, produce output, and store information. The question here is why they can accomplish such tremendous task? The answer is: man made them so. A program is a set of commands or instructions for a computer to follow. We usually call this end-product: a software.

This will be our topic in the next chapter. As of this moment, we will just limit and focus our discussions to the hardware aspects of computer. Every computer system contains hardware components that are used for receiving input, processing information, producing the output, and storing information.

Let us start with the input device. The most common input devices are keyboards, mouse, and joystick used in computer games. And the most common output devices are monitor screen and printer. Let us go to the microprocessor. The microprocessor is used in processing information such as performing arithmetic computations and making decisions based on given choices or alternatives.

Technically speaking, the microprocessor is also called the central processing unit CPU or the brain of the computer. The computer is made of these major components. The progression of its evolution is as important as the present hardware technology in itself. This will give you a glimpse of the past, and how and when the computer hardware started. So let us start its history first before going into the details of what a computer hardware is all about.

It has two floppy drives and no hard disk. It runs a speed of 4. At the same year, Xerox Corporation introduces Xerox Star computer with the use of a mouse. At the same year, Intel corporation, introduces its bit micro-processor. Another giant computer company Hewlett-Packard, releases the LaserJet laser-printer with its main feature is a dpi dot per inch resolution. At the same time, the Apple Computer together with IBM and Motorola companies signed a cooperative agreement to design and produce a RISC-based Reduced Instruction Set Computing chips, object-oriented operating system, and develop common multimedia standards.

Their collaborative efforts resulted to the invention of the microprocessor called PowerPC. Power Computing company releases its first-ever Apple-Macintosh clones. It is called Power Robotics company introduces the PalmPilot. At the same year, Sun Microsystem introduces its first workstation with bit micro-processor called Sun Ultra. Ideal for home-user or for companies whose users do not need a fast PC.

Intel Corp. At the same year, Apple Computer introduces its colorful iMac. It features the new G3 microprocessor and USB connections but without a floppy disk drive. The iPod Shuffle was designed and introduced to the market late, compared to the Nano and Video version.

It can perform 6. Bringing your Laptop to Starbucks and Robinsons Shopping Center, will give you a free access to the Internet connection. It boasts an increase of 40 percent more performance to its predecessor, the Core Duo microprocessor. It is considered as the brain of the computer. The CPU interprets and carry out the instructions or commands in each program or software. Moreover, it does arithmetic and logical data manipulations, and communicates with all the other parts of the computer system.

This may be the reason why the microprocessor is considered as the brain, since it has these capabilities as though it has a capability to think and decide on its own when given a tasks, situations or alternatives. The speed of the microprocessor to perform its tasks is measured in units called megahertz MHz.

Todays computer runs in 2 GHz or more. We have to remember that mega is an engineering term which means- million while the term giga is an engineering term that refers to a meaning of a billion. So in other words, 2 GHz means two billion hertz. Many software applications that use intensive graphics such as pictures, images, and drawings and large number calculations in over ten digits require faster CPU speed. For example some microprocessor design or architecture is based on the complex instruction set computing CISC.

The computer you owned now is based on this microprocessor unless you are holding a supercomputer right this time which is impossible if not improbable , since IBM-compatible PCs are designed with CISC. Another microprocessor design technology is emerging in the present time though it is not a new idea, historically-speaking. Its hype is so overwhelming.

It is popularly known as parallel processing microprocessor design. This system has a multi-processing capability. And in microprocessor design, the more transistors a microprocessor has, the faster and powerful it is. For example, the older Intel microprocessor can only move data in 8-bit chunks. Then followed by the Intel microprocessor that can move data in bit chunks. The succeeding Intel microprocessors can move data in bit. And presently, AMD and Intel are producing microprocessor that can move data in bit.

So the higher data bit-rate transfer, the faster the microprocessor. So if we compare the data to vehicles running on the road, then bit-rate transfer can be compared to road lanes. An 8-bit could be a one lane, and 16 bit could be two lanes, 32 bits are four lanes, while bits could be 8 lanes.

The more lanes in the road, the more vehicles can run. The same thing with bit-rate transfer in the computer. The more bit-rate transfer, the faster the computer. It also boosts multi-tasking power with improved performance for highly multi-threaded and calculation-intensive applications.

Many unneeded services are installed and enabled, and there is no active local security policy. Other criticized flaws include the use of vulnerable encryption techniques. In August , two major worms called Sobig and Blaster began to attack millions of Microsoft Windows computers, resulting in the largest downtime and clean-up cost to that date. The Zotob worm was blamed for security compromises on Windows machines at the U. On September 8, , Microsoft skipped patching two of the five security flaws that were addressed in the monthly security update, saying that patching one of the critical security flaws was "infeasible.

To do so would require re-architecting a very significant amount of the Microsoft Windows Service Pack 4 operating system, [ The Windows family of operating systems moved from mainstream support to the extended support phase on June 30, Microsoft says that this marks the progression of Windows through the Windows lifecycle policy. Under mainstream support, Microsoft freely provides design changes if any, service packs and non-security related updates in addition to security updates, whereas in extended support, service packs are not provided and non-security updates require contacting the support personnel by e-mail or phone.

Under the extended support phase, Microsoft continued to provide critical security updates every month for all components of Windows including Internet Explorer 5. Because of Windows 's age, updated versions of components such as Windows Media Player 11 and Internet Explorer 7 have not been released for it.

In the case of Internet Explorer, Microsoft said in that, "some of the security work in IE 7 relies on operating system functionality in XP SP2 that is non-trivial to port back to Windows Microsoft has dropped the upgrade path from Windows and earlier to Windows 7.

Users of Windows must buy a full Windows 7 license. Although Windows is the last NT-based version of Microsoft Windows which does not include product activation , Microsoft has introduced Windows Genuine Advantage for certain downloads and non-critical updates from the Download Center for Windows Windows reached the end of its lifecycle on July 13, It will not receive new security updates and new security-related hotfixes after this date.

In Japan, over , servers and , PCs in local governments are affected; many local governments said that they will not update as they do not have funds to cover a replacement. Microsoft Office products under Windows have their own product lifecycles. The Malicious Software Removal Tool mrt. IDC's report is based on telephone interviews of IT executives and managers of North American companies in which they determined what they were using for a specific workload for file, print, security and networking services.

IDC determined that the four areas where Windows had a better TCO than Linux — over a period of five years for an average organization of employees — were file, print, network infrastructure and security infrastructure.

The report also found that the greatest cost was not in the procurement of software and hardware, but in staffing costs and downtime. The report stated that Linux servers had less unplanned downtime than Windows servers. It found that most Linux servers ran less workload per server than Windows servers and also that none of the businesses interviewed used 4-way SMP Linux computers.

The report also did not take into account specific application servers — servers that need low maintenance and are provided by a specific vendor. The report did emphasize that TCO was only one factor in considering whether to use a particular IT platform, and also noted that as management and server software improved and became better packaged the overall picture shown could change.

Microsoft Wiki Explore. Windows families. Windows Windows 10 Windows 8. Windows CE Windows Embedded. Microsoft Surface. European Union Microsoft antitrust case United States v. Microsoft Shared source. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? Windows View source. History Talk 0. For the server version of Windows , see Windows Server. Main article: History of Microsoft Windows. Main article: NTFS.

Main article: Encrypting File System. Main article: Logical Disk Manager. Main article: Multilingual User Interface. Main article: Recovery Console. Main article: Windows Script Host. Main article: Distributed File System Microsoft. Main article: Active Directory. Archived from the original on December 17, Retrieved February 14, Wikipedia article: Windows This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors.

Microsoft Windows family. As another example, you cannot create or access shadow copies on ImDisk drives. So, applications that use similar Windows features as Disk Management dialog to enumerate disks and disk volumes to find disk properties like sector sizes and similar, might possibly not work as expected with ImDisk drives.

If you need full disk emulation, including integration with Disk Management, Volume Shadow Copy Services, mountvol and diskpart command line tools as well as better compatibility with applications, we provide another open source virtual disk project, called Arsenal Image Mounter. Thus, in loan and mortgage data files, you find excel headers in the first column. NET v1. By Viktorya Vilk. You can also change your PDF to a.

In this article, Toptal freelance developer Stepan Yakovenko shows us how 3. Hi all users today we're here with a quick and I think very simple tutorial on doxing. Roll down to the Advanced, chose Update automatic links at open. By keeping this information offline entirely, doxxers usually move on to someone else.

Step 1: Open the document in Word Charge any additional or hidden fees. Google Docs is now incredibly versatile at handling a wide range of formats including opening docx files. Figure 2: Open www. This section assumes that you already have an existing. Please sign in or create an account to participate in this conversation. DOCX is the de facto standard for exchanging business documents, and there's no good alternative to replace it. Docx to doc converter opens docx files online in earlier versions of Word such as Office So a lot of people want to know how to dox, well it's probably one of the most easiest parts of cyber security.

Do any offline investigating. Choose the. These files can contain settings, XML information, tables, graphs, pictures D:. The PDF and Word documents contain not only the content from the ePub file, but also the images, hyperlinks and organizational structure, including the table of contents. Your files are secure. This wikiHow teaches you how to open a file with the. Google is your friend. It opened the file and showed me the XML files and extracted them.

How to convert docx to html? Google Docs. Joseph Cox. Opening a Pages File in Windows. PDF file format is a non-editable file format, best for printing. The conversion process starts automatically as soon as the file is uploaded. Converting a. First step is to upload the document file, then select DOCX as your output format and finally click on convert. In this case, the doxxing focused on identifying the hacker and his misdeeds and turning those details over to the authorities to get him arrested.

January 28, , released Xceed Words for.