Fundamentals of geotechnical engineering 5th edition pdf free download

Two methods are generally used to find the grain-size distribution of soil: 1. Sieve analysis—for grain sizes larger than 0. Hydrometer analysis—for grain sizes smaller than 0. Sieve analysis consists of shaking the soil sample through a set of sieves that have progressively smaller openings.

Several other countries have their own sieve sizes which are commonly referred to by their aperture sizes.

The following are the steps showing the calculation procedure for a sieve analysis: 1. Starting from the top sieve determine the mass of soil retained on each sieve i.

Mn and in the pan i. Determine the total mass of the soil:. Once the percent finer for each sieve is calculated, the calculations are plotted on semilograrithmic graph paper with percent finer as the ordinate and sieve opening size as the abscissa. When a soil specimen is dispersed in water, the grains settle at different velocities, depending on their shape, size, and weight. When a hydrometer is placed in the soil suspension at a time t, measured from the start of sedimentation, it measures the specific gravity in the vicinity of its bulb at a depth L.

The specific gravity is a function of the amount of soil grains present per unit volume of suspension at that depth. The larger grains would have settled beyond the zone of measurement. Hydrometers are designed to give the amount of soil, in grams, that is still in suspension. By knowing the amount of soil in suspension, L, and t, we can calculate the percentage of soil by weight finer than a given diameter.

In many instances, the results of sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis for finer fractions for a given soil are combined on one graph like that shown below. When these results are combined, a discontinuity generally occurs in the range where they overlap. This discontinuity occurs because soil grains are generally irregular in shape. Sieve analysis gives the intermediate dimensions of a grain.

Hydrometer analysis gives the diameter of an equivalent sphere that would settle at the same rate as the soil particle. The percentages of gravel, sand, silt, and clay-size grains present in a soil can be obtained from the grain-size distribution curve. According to the Unified Soil Classification System, the soil in the previous figure has the following percentages: Gravel size limits — greater than 4.

The three soil parameters are: 1. Effective grain size 2. Uniformity coefficient 3. Coefficient of gradation The uniformity coefficient is given by the relation. Three curves are shown in the figure below. This is called poorly graded soil. Curve II represents a soil in which the grain sizes are distributed over a wide range and is termed well graded. A well-graded soil has a uniformity coefficient greater than about 4 for gravels and 6 for sands, and a coefficient of gradation between 1 and 3.

Curve III represents such a soil, termed gap graded, which has a gap in the grain size. Not much attention is paid to grain shape because it is more difficult to measure. Bulky 2. Flaky 3. Needle shaped. These grains are predominantly clay minerals. The sphericity of grains is defined as. Examples of soils containing needle-shaped grains are some coral deposits and atta-pulgite clays.

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